6. The four ingredients of retrieval
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Introduction

1. Introduction
My model of a Learning Episode
2. The benefits of online courses
3. Getting the most out of the course
4. Where are you at?
How does memory work?

1. The new theory of disuse
Podcast: Robert and Elizabeth Bjork - Memory, Forgetting, Testing, Desirable Difficulties
Paper: On the Symbiosis of Learning and Forgetting
2. Retrieval and storage strength
3. Learning versus performance
Paper: Learning versus performance
4. Desirable difficulties
Desirable difficulties

1. The Testing Effect
The forgetting curve
Paper: Making Things Hard on Yourself, But in a Good Way: Creating Desirable Difficulties to Enhance Learning
Paper: Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping
2. The effortful act of retrieval
3. The Spacing Effect
Paper: Using Spacing to Enhance Diverse Forms of Learning
Paper: Spacing effects in learning: A temporal ridgeline of optimal retention
Blog: Optimal Time For Spacing Gaps
4. The Interleaving Effect
Paper: Interleaving Helps Students Distinguish among Similar Concepts
5. How not to tap into the benefits of desirable difficulties
6. Making sure these difficulties are desirable
Four retrieval opportunities

1. The Carpenter et al (2012) paper
Paper: Using Spacing to Enhance Diverse Forms of Learning
2. Introducing my four ingredients of retrieval
3. Where am I supposed to find the time?
Scheduling the content of retrieval opportunities

1. A question...
2. It won't be perfect
3. Three factors to consider when scheduling in retrieval opportunities
4. What do we want our students to remember?
5. Creating a retrieval schedule
Blog: Retrieval Practice Update
Blog: Spacing Concepts, Facts and Skills
6. Including flexibility
Deciding the difficulty of the content of retrieval opportunities

1. A question...
2. Ramping up the difficulty
Podcast: Naveen Rizvi – Part 1: Scripted lessons, examples and social media
The illusion of retrieval

The illusion of retrieval
Ingredient 1 - Starters

1. The start of a lesson
2. Do students take Starters seriously?
Podcast: Mark McCourt: Teaching for Mastery
3. Are our Starters worth taking seriously?
4. Helping students take the start of the lesson more seriously
Podcast: Julia Smith: Teaching GCSE resit and the 5Rs approach
5. Where do you get your Starter questions from?
6. My favourite sources of Starter questions
Link: Corbett Maths
Link: Maths Box
Link: Maths teacher hub
Link: SSDD Problems
Link: Mr Chadburn
Link: Diagnostic Questions
Link: Maths Bot
Link: Maths4Everyone
Link: Maths made easy
7. Starter structures
Link: R-infinity starters
Link: MathsBot retrieval starter
Link: Mini White Board
Resource: Do now (blank) by Nathan Day
Resource: Do now (example) by Nathan Day
8. Starters and Atomisation
9. How long should my Starter last?
Ingredient 2 - Homework

1. Three questions...
2. What we used to do with homeworks
3. What our homeworks look like now
4. An interesting homework resource
Link: Interleaving & spacing the GCSE Mathematics curriculum
Ingredient 3 - Low-Stakes Quizzes

1. Two questions...
2. What I used to think
3. The benefits of testing
Paper: Ten Benefits of Testing and their Application to Educational Practice
Link: The testing section of my research collection
4. Topic-specific versus cumulative
5. What our Low-Stakes Quizzes look like
6. We call them quizzes not tests
7. We tell students why we are introducing Low-Stakes Quizzes
The forgetting curve.png
8. Where possible we print the quizzes out
9. Students do the quizzes initially in silence and on their own
Paper: The Testing Effect in a Social Setting: Does Retrieval Practice Benefit a Listener?
10. The quizzes are not open-book
Paper: Strengthening the Student Toolbox
11. There is a time limit
12. If students finish the quiz early
Resource: Prompts of students finish early
13. Research into confidence
Resource: Confidence versus accuracy
Resource: Girls versus boys
Resource: Confidence at different ages
14. Two benefits of assigning confidence scores
15. What confidence scores look like in low stakes quizzes
16. Confidence - what other schools do
Resource: Low Stakes Quiz (blank) by Nathan Day
Resource: Low Stakes Quiz (example) by Nathan Day
17. Confidence - what other schools do - Extra!
18. Going through the answers
19. Who marks the quiz?
Book: What does this look like in the classroom?
20. Start with your highest confidence errors
21. Two issues with corrections
22. Review cards
Thread: Review cards
Podcast: Oliver Lovell: Planning, running a maths department and Cognitive Load Theory
23. Review cards - what other schools do
24. Paired discussion
Resource: Paired discussion prompts
25. AfL check
26. What to do with the marks?
27. Content - same or different?
28. Content - how difficult?
29. Sources of questions for Low-Stakes Quizzes
Twitter: Using Dr Frost for Low-Stakes Quizzes
Link: Corbett Maths
Link: Brockington College Homework booklets
Link: Miss B's resources
Link: Maths Box
Link: Diagnostic Questions
Link: Maths4Everyone
Link: CIMT MEP materials
30. Who writes the quizzes?
31. Messaging to students
32. What do students say?
33. LSQ-DQ Combo
34. Quiz-Homework-Quiz combo
35. Making Low-Stakes Quizzes work
Ingredient 4 - Future Learning Episodes

1. A question...
2. What is interleaving really about?
Blog post: Authentic Interleaving In Mathematics Lessons
Link: Interweaving by Will Emeny
3. High-value topics
4. Interweaving during Atomisation
Resource: Midpoint of two numbers
5. Interweaving during Fluency Practice
Link: Increasingly difficult questions
Resource: Brackets questions
Resource: Sequences questions
Resource: Graphs and geometry
Twitter: Miss Konstantine
6. Interweaving during Intelligent Practice
Resource: Positive integer powers
7. Interweaving during Method Selection
Resource: Percentage operations
Resource: Factorising quadratics
8. Interweaving during SSDD Problems
Resource: SSDD Problem with two points
9. Interweaving during Goal-Free Problems
10. Interweaving using UKMT questions
Link: UKMT questions on Diagnostic Questions
11. Golden Interleaving Rules
Other things to include in retrieval opportunities

Other things to include in retrieval opportunities?
Software to improve retrieval

Software to aid retrieval
Podcast: Daisy Christodoulou - Teachers versus Tech
Podcast: Ollie Lovell interview
Link: Anki
Link: Guide to Anki
Link: Anki essentials
Link: Quizlet
Link: Tips for using Quizlet
Link: Dendro
Link: Ollie Lovell blog post on Dendro
Useful links - from others

researchEDHome 2020 Daisy Christodoulou: How to remember anything, forever
Damian Benney: Using Desirable Difficulties to make learning easier (rEDLoom)
10 Techniques for Retrieval Practice by Tom Sherrington
Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab - videos and research summaries
How to not screw up retrieval practice by Adam Boxer
Why do we forget stuff? Familiarity vs recall by David Didau
Memories are made of this by Dylan Wiliam
Interleaving: are we getting it all wrong? by Mark Enser
Conclusion

1. Where to next?
2. Wrap-up
Course feedback
Course certificate
My online courses
Useful links - from me

My research paper collection
Book: How I wish I'd taught maths
Book: Reflect, Expect, Check, Explain
Mr Barton Maths website
Mr Barton Maths Podcast
Diagnostic Questions
Variation Theory
SSDD Problems
Maths Venns

Ingredient 1 - Starters

How can we make the start of our lesson into an effective retrieval opportunity?

25 Lessons